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13. For example, in the war on Tepeyacac, the Aztec army gathered near Tepeyacac, and then divided into four parts. One part went to Tecalco, one to Cuauht-Inchan (Cuauhtinchan), one to Acatzinco, and one remained at Tepeyacac. The four armies attacked on signal at dawn and conquered all four cities (Códice Ramírez 1975:127). |
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14. Crónica mexicana 1975:63435 [chap. 96]. And in the battle for Tenochtitlan, the Spaniards were subjected to coordinated combat assaults by land troops and those in canoes (Díaz del Castillo 190816, 4:7576 [bk. 11, chap. 145], 4:125 [bk. 12, chap. 151]). |
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15. Anonymous Conqueror 1963:169; Díaz del Castillo 190816, 1:114 [bk. 2, chap. 32]. |
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16. Casas 1967, 1:347 [bk. 3, chap. 67]; Crónica mexicana 1975:34546 [chap. 34], 421 [chap. 52], 52526 [chap. 72], 543 [chap. 76]; Durán 7, 2:81 [chap. 9], 2:166 [chap. 19]; Hernández 1946:66 [bk. 1, chap. 20]; Mendieta 1971:130. |
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17. Díaz del Castillo 190816, 2:253 [bk. 8, chap. 128]. |
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18. This line of reasoning has found some acceptance (e.g., Du Solier 1950:52; F. Peterson 1952:5859). |
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19. Hernández 1946:66. |
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20. For example, López de Gómara (196566, 2:113) states that in Tlaxcallan the standard was carried in the rear during battle, and was brought forward where everyone could see it when the battle was over. But this doubtless referred to the army standards and not to the standards of tactical units: these entered battle with unit leaders. However, López de Gómara's account is second hand and is not a reliable source for such matters. The obvious functions of the standard would seem to demand its use as a signaling device or its abandonment. |
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21. E.g., Sotheby's 1984:Lot 135. |
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22. Códice Vaticano 196465:18687. |
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23. Clavigero 1787,1:371; Crónica mexicana 1975:377 [chap. 40]; Mendieta 1971:130; Motolinía 1971:347 [bk. 2, chap. 13]. |
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24. Motolinía 1971:347 [bk. 2, chap. 13]. For example, Díaz del Castillo reported that in one engagement the warriors loosed such a hail of arrows, darts, and stones that more than seventy of the Spaniards were wounded during the first assault (190816, 1:118 [bk. 2, chap. 34]). |
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25. Durán 1967, 2:120 [chap. 14]. |
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26. The depiction of an unshielded archer leading shielded warriors, each with a macuahuitl, in the Códice Fernández Leal (Peñafiel 1895:lámina 6), probably reflects the sequence of battle and not an actual charge, as such would be suicidal for the archer. |
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27. See pictures; Sahagún 1979, 3:450r, 461r, 463r, 467r, 468r. |
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28. E.g. Maudsley 18891902, 3:plates 4951. |
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29. Kubler (1984:83) states that part of the headdress attire of the giant carved warriors at Tollan (Tula) consisted of a quiver of atlatl darts. This an unlikely suggestion. First, the item of costume he identifies as a dart quiver may simply be decorative. Second, I know of no evidence elsewhere in Mesoamerica to support this interpretation, but there are numerous examples of warriors entering battle with bare atlatl darts clutched in the left hand be- |
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