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49. Yadin 1963, 1:10. |
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50. Carrera Stampa 1949:10. |
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51. Cortés 1971:133 [letter 2]; Díaz del Castillo 190816, 1:285 [bk. 4, chap. 78]; 2:65 [bk. 5, chap. 91]. |
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52. Nickel n.d. |
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53. Díaz del Castillo 190816, 4:308 [bk. 13, chap. 166]. |
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54. Solís y Rivadeneyra 1753, 1:8283 [bk. 1, chap. 19]. |
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55. González Rul (1971) provides dimensions for the reconstructions in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico. |
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56. Nickel n.d. |
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57. Nickel n.d. |
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58. Gay 1972:47; Wicke 1971:1819. |
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59. Miller 1973:365. |
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60. E.g., Graham and Euw 1977:27, 33, 41. For a possible example of a mutilated wooden effigy of a thrusting spear (but which is labeled a macuahuitl), see Coggins and Shane 1984:108. One Mesoamerican codex (Códice Vaticano 196465:lámina 81) has a picture of what may be an additional type of staff weapon. This device is the size of the man wielding it, with the handle taking up two-thirds to three-fourths of the weapon's total length, and the head accounting for the remainder. The rectangular head is blunt on the end, while both sides are lined with stone blades. It is uncertain whether this picture accurately reflects Mesoamerican armament, however. The codex is not an original, but a copy probably made in Italy and certainly by a non-Indian painter. Thus the weapon may be a distortion of either the thrusting spear or the macuahuitl. |
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61. Díaz del Castillo 190816, 2:65 [bk. 6, chap. 91]; 2:25152 [bk. 8, chap. 128]; 4:29 [bk. 10, chap. 140]. Itzcuahuitl is listed as another term for the macuahuitl by Macazaga Ordoño (1983:66) and by Aguilera (Códice de Huamantla 1984, 2:26). Although this is a logical possibility, I have found no references to such a weapon in sixteenth-century materials, and it is not listed in the dictionaries of either Molina or Siméon. However, itzcuauhtli (obsidian eagle) is listed, and it seems likely that itzcuahuitl is merely a misreading. |
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62. Follett (1932:387) shows a wedge-shaped blade that may have been from a macuahuitl. |
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63. Anonymous Conqueror 1963:169; Clavigero 1787, 1:106107; Martyr d'Anghera 1970, 2:202 [decade 5, bk. 10]; Sullivan 1972:15859, 17273. ''Turtle dung glue'' is mentioned by several sixteenth-century writers, but it is apparently metaphorical and refers to the appearance of the substance, as actual turtle dung was not a Mesoamerican adhesive (Martínez Cortés 1974). |
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64. Fernández de Oviedo 1979:113. |
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65. It is possible that the never pictorially represented two-handed macuahuitl actually refers to the thrusting spear, leaving the macuahuitl as the one-handed sword. |
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66. Acosta 1604, 2:440 [bk. 6, chap. 26]; Aguilar 1963:139; Anonymous Conqueror 1963:169; Díaz del Castillo 190816, 1:232 [bk. 4, chap. 63]; Tapia 1963:29. |
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