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64. Crónica mexicana 1975:419 [chap. 51], 543 [chap. 76], 599 [chap. 88]; Durán 1967, 2:167 [chap. 19]. |
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65. Sahagún 1954:88. |
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66. For example, Tlaxcallan also possessed four different standards, reflecting its quadripartite division. The ruling town of Ocotelolco's standard was a quetzaltototl (resplendent quetzal) over a crag. Quiahuiztlan's standard was an arrangement of quetzal plumes compacted to form a crest or fan, called a quetzalpatzactli. Tepeticpac's standard was a fierce wolf on a rock with a bow and arrows held in his paw. And Tizatlan's standard was a white heron (Muñoz Camargo 1892:102, 1981:225v226r). |
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67. Clark 1938, 1:57. |
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68. Aguilar 1963:139; Clark 1938, 1:57. |
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69. Anonymous Conqueror 1963:168. |
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70. Díaz del Castillo 190816, 1:231 [bk. 4, chap. 63]; 1:265 [bk. 4, chap. 73]. |
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71. Díaz del Castillo 190816, 4:117 [bk. 12, chap. 151]. |
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72. Durán 1967, 1:10512 [chaps. 1011]. |
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73. Clavigero 1787, 1:36869, 37172; Hernández 1946:66 [bk. 1, chap. 20]; Sahagún 1957:26, 91. |
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74. Hernández 1946:66 [bk. 1, chap. 20]. |
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75. Cervantes de Salazar 1971, 1:137 [bk. 1, chap. 22]. |
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76. Sahagún 1954:51. |
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77. Durán 1967, 2:313 [chap. 41]. |
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78. Sanders 1970:449; accepted in Sanders, Parsons, and Santley 1979:162, 184. |
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79. These estimates are based on Denevan's reconstruction of the population ratios of Sanders and Cook and Borah for this area (Denevan 1976a:8182). |
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80. Calnek 1976:288; 1978:316, accepted by Sanders, Parsons, and Santley 1979:154. Hardoy (1973:15455) estimates a population for Tenochtitlan of 300,000, based on a recorded 60,000 houses in the city. |
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81. Zorita 1971:18384. |
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82. Bandelier 1880:98; Cook and Simpson 1948:2526. Dobyns (1983:175) also follows Cook and Simpson, but estimates the number of warriors at 20 percent of the total population and calculates that military activity involved every able-bodied adult male. |
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83. There is a lack of consensus about the pre-Columbian population, but the "west" stable population model at Level 3 (Coale and Demeny 1966) is the likeliest approximation. This population model fits sixteenth-century Peru (N. D. Cook 1981), and since this was the closest cultural, genetic, and epidemiological fit with central Mexico, I am using it in my discussion, although the results should be taken advisedly. |
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84. However, Durán (1967, 2:427 [chap. 56]) mentions a call-up extending to men as young as eighteen. |
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85. Borah and Cook 1960:71. |
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86. Crónica mexicana 1975:539 [chap. 75]; 551 [chap. 78]; 598 [chap. 88]. |
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87. Crónica mexicana 1975:598 [chap. 88]. |
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88. Hernández 1946:97 [bk. 2, chap. 7]. |
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