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1. I am using the traditional system of classification in Mesoamerica, which groups general time periods into archaic, preclassic (or formative), classic, and postclassic. An alternative system resulted from a School of American Research conference held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1972 (the results of which are published in Wolf 1976). While this system may be more suitable for archaeology, it is superficially awkward and has not been universally adopted (particularly in Mexico). |
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2. Grennes-Ravitz 1975. |
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3. Durán 1967, 2:84 [chap. 9]. |
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4. Mendieta 1971:129; Torquemada 197583, 4:322 [bk. 14, chap. 2]; Zorita 1971:134. |
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5. Torquemada 197583, 4: 11011 [bk. 12, chap. 6]. |
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6. Casas 1967, 2:400401 [bk. 3, chap. 215]. |
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7. Clavigero 1787, 1:108; Torquemada 197583,4: 111 [bk. 12, chap. 6]. |
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8. Torquemada 197583, 4:32223 [bk. 14, chap. 2]. |
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9. Mendieta 1971:129; Motolinia 1971:345 [bk. 2, chap. 12]. |
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10. Clark 1938, 1:95. |
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11. For example, ambassadors were sent to request a tlapalizquixochitl tree (Torquemada 197583, 1:27071 [bk. 2, chap. 69]), gold (Códice Ramirez 1975:131; Durán 1967, 2:225 [chap. 27]), and shells (Códice Ramirez 1975:128). |
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12. Casas 1967, 1:347 [bk. 3, chap. 67]; Clavigero 1787, 1:370; Hernández 1946:63 [bk. 1, chap. 20]. In the case of Tepeyacac (Tepeaca), a declaration in the form of shields and mantles was sent to the rulers (Durán 1967, 2:15556 [chap. 18]; Mendieta 1971:129). Early in their history, when the Aztecs revolted against the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco, Itzcoatl sent Tlacaelel to anoint the king of Azcapotzalco with pitch, used for the dead, and give him arms as a sign of war (Acosta 1604, 2:47779 [bk. 7, chap. 12]; Clavigero 1787, 1:370; Durán 1967, 2:78 [chap. 9]), but in that instance the Aztecs were rebellious tributaries, not conquering lords. Clavigero (1787, |
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